Les nouvelles techniques d’imagerie cérébrale par IRM sont utilisées pour comprendre les processus cognitifs complexes impliqués chez les patients atteints de maladies mentales. Ces techniques, malgré leurs limites, sont aussi étudiées dans des domaines non médicaux comme le marketing et elles y ont rapidement trouvé des applications non validées scientifiquement, soulevant de nouveaux questionnements éthiques. Dans cet article nous discutons les nouvelles problématiques neuroéthiques, conséquences des avancées techniques de l’IRM en neurosciences. Nous soulignons aussi les réponses apportées par le législateur français face aux risques de dérive et aux limites de telles utilisations.

The recent neuroimaging techniques offer the possibility to better understand complex cognitive processes that are involved in mental disorders and thus have become cornerstone tools for research in psychiatry. The performances of functional magnetic resonance imaging are not limited to medical research and are used in non-medical fields. These recent applications represent new challenges for bioethics.

In this article we aim at discussing the new ethical issues raised by the applications of the latest neuroimaging technologies to non-medical fields.

We included a selection of peer-reviewed English medical articles after a search on NCBI Pubmed database and Google scholar from 2000 to 2013. We screened bibliographical tables for supplementary references. Websites of governmental French institutions implicated in ethical questions were also screened for governmental reports.

Findings of brain areas supporting emotional responses and regulation have been used for marketing research, also called neuromarketing. The discovery of different brain activation patterns in antisocial disorder has led to changes in forensic psychiatry with the use of imaging techniques with unproven validity. Automated classification algorithms and multivariate statistical analyses of brain images have been applied to brain-reading techniques, aiming at predicting unconscious neural processes in humans. We finally report the current position of the French legislation recently revised and discuss the technical limits of such techniques.

In the near future, brain imaging could find clinical applications in psychiatry as diagnostic or predictive tools. However, the latest advances in brain imaging are also used in non-scientific fields raising key ethical questions. Involvement of neuroscientists, psychiatrists, physicians but also of citizens in neuroethics discussions is crucial to challenge the risk of unregulated uses of brain imaging.